The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States

Updated: 2024-4-18

Status: Completed

The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Novel Chapters

List of most recent chapters published for the The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States novel. A total of 241 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024

Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edi
The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The gr

101 3. C. atripliciflia, L. (PALE INDIAN P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3--6 high); leaves _palmately veined and angulate-lobed_, the lower triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, _toothed_.--Rich woodlands, western N. Y 2024-4-23
102 83. LaMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.Heads 8--12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.--Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; fl 2024-4-23
103 from Eu.) 91. PRENaNTHES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.Heads 5--30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappu 2024-4-23
104 2. L. integriflia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3--4 high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L.Canadensis, var. integrifolia, _Torr. & Gray_.)--N. Eng. 2024-4-23
105 ORDER 57. CAMPANULaCEae. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) _Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and disti 2024-4-23
106 12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.Tribe IV. RHODODENDREae. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or c.h.i.n.k at the top.[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts le 2024-4-23
107 6. V. vacillans, Solander. (LOW BLUEBERRY.) _Low_ (1--2 high), _glabrous_, with yellowish-green branchlets; _leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous_, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and 2024-4-23
108 Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, p.u.b.erulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long c.h.i.n.k. Capsule oblong-pyramida 2024-4-23
109 2. R. viscsum, Torr. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) _Branchlets bristly_, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; _calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes_. (Azalea viscosa, _L 2024-4-23
110 6. P. rotundiflia, L. _Leaves...o...b..cular, thick, s.h.i.+ning_, usually shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6--12' high), raceme elongated, many-flowered; _calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate_, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, 2024-4-23
111 Tribe II. PRIMULEae. Ovary wholly free.[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cl.u.s.ter from the root; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver 2024-4-23
112 [*] _Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks._ L. VULGaRIS, L., a coa.r.s.e and tall European species, p.u.b.escent and branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near t 2024-4-23
113 1. S. grandiflia, Ait. Shrub 4--12 high; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, _white-tomentose beneath_ (3--6' long); _flowers mostly in elongated racemes_; corolla ({1/3}' long) convolute-imbricated in bud.--Woods, S. Va. to Fla.2. S. pulverulenta, Michx. 2024-4-23
114 Filaments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within.Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.1. AMSNIA, Walt.Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow 2024-4-23
115 8. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. _Very smooth_ throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; _hoods obovate_, entire, _obtusely 2-eared at the base_ outside; flowers larger (9" long) and more purple than in the last; 2024-4-23
116 5. G. Shortii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla oblong-conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6" long); _crown about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted_.--Al 2024-4-23
117 Calyx 5--12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5--12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5--12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender.--Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, 2024-4-23
118 12. G. angustiflia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6--15' high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread- 2024-4-23
119 7. P. reptans, Michx. _Runners creeping_, bearing _roundish-obovate_ smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4--8' high) and their _oblong or ovate obtuse leaves_ (' long) _p.u.b.escent_, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linea 2024-4-23
120 May, June.--Corolla bright blue, 6" broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.-- 2. COSMaNTHUS. _Ovules and seeds as in -- 1; corolla almost rotat 2024-4-23
121 2. CYNOGLoSSUM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE.Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included.Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the s 2024-4-23
122 [*] _Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting._ 2. L. hirtum, Lehm. _Hispid_ with bristly hairs (1--2 high); stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those 2024-4-23
123 [+] _Leaves cordate, ac.u.minate._ 1 I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; _peduncles longe 2024-4-23
124 10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers _very densely cl.u.s.tered_, forming knotty ma.s.ses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong _bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; sepals nearly similar_, shorter than the o 2024-4-23
125 4. P. p.u.b.escens, L. _Annual_, diffusely much branched or at length dec.u.mbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; _corolla_ spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5--6" _broad_ when expanded, obscurely 5--10-toothed; _anthers viol 2024-4-23
126 11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. 2024-4-23
127 A. MaJUS, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1--2'long, purple or white.--Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. SCROPHULaRIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.Calyx 2024-4-23
128 4. H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; corolla pale blue.--River-banks and sh.o.r.es near the sea, Md. to Tex.11. LIMOSeLLA, L. MUDWORT.Calyx bell- 2024-4-23
129 8. V. peregrna, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Glandular-p.u.b.erulent or _nearly smooth_, erect (4--9' high), branched; _lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed_, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer 2024-4-23
130 Corolla with the upper lip (_galea_) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1--3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from ?????, _upright_, and ?a?p??, _fruit_.) 1. O. luteus, Nutt. Annual, p.u.b.escent and hirsute, 2024-4-23
131 2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. _Scaly stem erect and rising 3--4' out of the ground_, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; _divisions of the calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla_, which has rounded short lobes.--Sandy ground, L. Michigan 2024-4-23
132 3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.1. BIGNNIA, Tourn.Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule linear, 2-ce 2024-4-23
133 4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene.1. VERBeNA, Tourn. VERVAIN.Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequal 2024-4-23
134 8. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.[+][+] Corolla more or less 2-lipped.[++] Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.[=] Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.9. 2024-4-23
135 1. T. dichotomum, L. (b.a.s.t.a.r.d PENNYROYAL.) Viscid with rather minute p.u.b.escence; _leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate_, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled.--Sandy fields, E. Ma.s.s. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex.2. T. lineare, Nutt. p.u.b. 2024-4-23
136 [++][++] _Outer bracts conspicuous; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx._ 4. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. America.n.u.s, Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2--3 high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2--4' long), acute or ac.u.minate, very sharply and coa.r.s. 2024-4-23
137 -- 1. _Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts; calyx villous in the throat._ [*] _p.u.b.escent; peduncles short but mostly distinct; bracts minute._ C. NePETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1--3 high); leaves petioled, broadly ovat 2024-4-23
138 Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft 2024-4-23
139 Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascending, slightly contra 2024-4-23
140 [+] _Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled._ 1. S. hyssopiflia, Michx. _Smooth and glabrous_, or the nodes hirsute; stems slender (1 high); _leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile_, obscurely toothed toward the apex; 2024-4-23
141 Flowers 3--5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens mostly 3 (3--5), hypo 2024-4-23
142 from Trop. Amer.) [*][*] _Flowers crowded in close and small axillary cl.u.s.ters; stems low, spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2._ 1. A. albus, L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green; _stems whitish, erect or ascending_, diff 2024-4-23
143 8. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged.Leaves spinescent.1. CYCLOLMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the c 2024-4-23
144 1. C. hyssopiflium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, scarious-margined; fruit wing-margined.--Sandy beaches along the Great Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward.- 2024-4-23
145 Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spreading in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering (in fruit called _valves_) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like t 2024-4-23
146 P. ORIENTaLE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, _soft-hairy; leaves ovate_ or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; _sheaths_ ciliate or _often with an abrupt spreading border_; flowers large, bright rose-color, _in dense cylindrical nodd 2024-4-23
147 1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-p.u.b.escent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, more or less pointed (4--5' wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside.--Hillsides 2024-4-23
148 Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form; stigma capitate. Drupe oval (red 2024-4-23
149 [+] Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers moncious.2. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct.3. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.[+][+] Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.[a.] Flowers apetalous, in cymose 2024-4-23
150 16. E. Darlingtnii, Gray. Tall _perennial_ (2--4 high); _leaves entire, minutely downy beneath_; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base; the floral oval, very obtuse; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base; umbel 5--8-rayed, then 2024-4-23
151 1. A. mercurialna, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1--2 high), sericeous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, p.u.b.escent with appressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid; raceme many-flowered, exceeding the leaves; ovary sericeous; cap 2024-4-23
152 [*] _Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular, not ciliate; leaves very rough above._ 1. U. fulva, Michx. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion soft-downy with rusty hairs (large); leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate (4--8' long, 2024-4-23
153 11. BHMeRIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.Flowers moncious or dicious, cl.u.s.tered; the sterile much as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2--4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down o 2024-4-23
154 Tribe I. BETULEae. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract.Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2--4, and calyx usually 2--4-parted.Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled 2024-4-23
155 5 CARPNUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract; filaments very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with ha 2024-4-23
156 Q. Ph.e.l.lOS RUBRA (?) or COCCINEA (?) (Q. heterophylla, _Michx._); Staten Island and N. J. to Del. and N. C. (BARTRAM'S OAK.) Q. Ph.e.l.lOS NIGRA (Q. Rudkini, _Britt._); N. J. (_Rudkin_).Q. ILICIFOLIA COCCINEA (?); Uxbridge, Ma.s.s. (_Robbins._) 7. 2024-4-23
157 [+][+] _Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated._ 12. S. candida, Willd. (SAGE W. h.o.a.rY W.) Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2--4' long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, _bene 2024-4-23
158 ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLaCEae. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) _Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile moncious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1- 2024-4-23
159 [*][*] _Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes._ 8. P. resinsa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves _in twos_ from long sheaths, elongated (_5--6' long_), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth _(about 2' long), their scales slightly th 2024-4-23
160 _Aquatic herbs, with dicious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1--3-celled ovary._ Stamens 3--1 2024-4-23
161 10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column, saccate, without callosities.[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; 2024-4-23
162 8. LiSTERA, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE.Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erec 2024-4-23
163 -- 2. _Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cl.u.s.ter of fibres._ 3. P. divaricat 2024-4-23
164 -- 1. _The three sepals separate; stem leafy; flower solitary, drooping._ 1. C. arietnum, R. Br. (RAM'S-HEAD L.) Stem slender (6--10' high); upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (greenish-brow 2024-4-23
165 1. RIS, Tourn. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.Perianth 6-cleft; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect.Stamens distinct; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal- 2024-4-23
166 Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the divisions nearly equal, narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded. Seeds flattened.--Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny teeth, cl.u.s.tered 2024-4-23
167 19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves.Capsule acutely 3-winged.[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. Seeds angled, ob 2024-4-23
168 [*] _Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell._ 1. A. tricocc.u.m, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4--12' high from cl.u.s.tered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves 5--9' long, 1--2& 2024-4-23
169 2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (GREAT S.) _Glabrous throughout_; stem stout and mostly tall (2--7 high), terete; _leaves ovate, partly clasping_ (3--8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved; _peduncles several-(2--8-) flowered_, join 2024-4-23
170 [*] _Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous._ 1. L. Philadelphic.u.m, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. WOOD LILY.) Stem 2--3 high; _leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered_; flowers (2--4'long) 1--3, open-bell-shap 2024-4-23
171 28. NARTHeCIUM, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL.Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly; anthers linear, introrse. Capsule cylindrical-oblong, attenuate upward and bearing the slightly lobed sessile stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. 2024-4-23
172 [*] _Stamens unequal; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; the other longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping or floating plants._ 1. H. reniformis, Ruiz 2024-4-23
173 1. JuNCUS, Tourn. RUSH. BOG-RUSH.Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentae not reaching the axis. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals.--Chiefly perennials, and in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branchin 2024-4-23
174 Var. robustus, Engelm. Stems stout, tall (2--4 high), bearing numerous 5--8-flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small (1--1{1/5}" long); ovoid capsule scarcely longer than the sepals.--Deep swamps, Ill. to Mo. and La. 2024-4-23
175 Var. fluitans, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems and flat narrow leaves; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched; style stout with a short oval stigma; fruiting heads 4--6" broad; nutlets dark, as large as in the type. ( 2024-4-23
176 Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three together surrounded by a spathe; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a single diandrous flower. 2024-4-23
177 1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Scapes 1--3' high; shoots often creeping and proliferous; _leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute_ (--1' long, including the petiole); umbel single, 2--8-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit; flower 3" broad; _stamens 2024-4-23
178 9. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem often branching below; _floating leaves thinnish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical_, often acute, _long-petioled_, 17--23-nerved; _submersed leaves very long_ (3--12', by 2--12" wide), _lanceolate and lance-linear_, 7-- 2024-4-23
179 Flowers very small, solitary, but often cl.u.s.tered with the branch-leaves in the axils; in summer. (?a???, _a water-nymph_.) 1. N. marna, L. _Stem rather stout and often armed with broad p.r.i.c.kles; leaves broadly linear_ (3--18" long), _coa.r.s. 2024-4-23
180 [++][++] Flower with one or more inner scales.10. Fuirena. Scales of the spikelet awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.11. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the ax 2024-4-23
181 [++][++] _Perennial, propagating by corm-like tubers from the base; spikelets narrow, ac.u.minate, often teretish; scales oblong-lanceolate; achene linear-oblong._ 18. C. strigsus, L. Culm mostly stout (1--3 high); most of the rays of the umbel elongated 2024-4-23
182 [+][+] _Bristles 2--4, shorter than the achene, slender and fragile, or none._ 14. E. tenuis, Schultes. _Culms almost capillary, erect_ from running rootstocks, _4-angular_ and flattish (1 high), the sides concave; _spikelet elliptical, acutish, 20--30-fl 2024-4-23
183 S. MUCRONaTUS, L. Resembling the last, 1--3 high; spikelets numerous in a dense cl.u.s.ter, oblong-ovate, 6--8" long or less; scales ovate, mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scarious; _style 3-cleft_; achene smaller, broadly obovate.--In a single loca 2024-4-23
184 -- 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. _Spikelets terete or biconvex, few--many-flowered; style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate (not plumose)._ [*] 2024-4-23
185 [+] 3. _Vesicariae._ Perigynium smooth and s.h.i.+ning, much inflated, at maturity straw-colored or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously short toothed (entire in n. 10), usually prominently few nerved, much shorter than in [+] 2; staminate spikes co 2024-4-23
186 [+] 2. _Ovales._ Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded; perigynium with a more or less thin or winged margin, which is mostly incurved at maturity, rendering the perigynium concave inside.--Sp. 125--132. [+] 3. _Cyperoideae._ Spikes green, 2024-4-23
187 Perigynium hairy.-- Spikes very large, globose 6 Spikes very small, sessile or nearly so 81-83, 85-92 Spikes cylindrical, heavy 24-28 Perigynium granular-roughened 23 Perigynium smooth, Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene.-- Beakless 58, 59 Bea 2024-4-23
188 C. BULLaTA UTRICULaTA, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller and more spreading, less s.h.i.+ning; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, _Boott_.)--Providence, R. I. (_Olney_).15. C. retrorsa, Schwein. Stout, 2--3 high; culm obtusely angled and smooth 2024-4-23
189 [++] _Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate._ [=] _Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34._ 34. C. stricta, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2--4 high, generally in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp, 2024-4-23
190 [++][++] _Perigynium firm, prominently many-nerved._ 53. C. venusta, Dewey, var. mnor, Boeckl. Slender but strict, 1--2 high; leaves narrow and strict, about as long as the culm; spikes 1--2'long, scattered, the upper usually ascending, the terminal 2024-4-23
191 [++][++] _Sheaths usually purple._ 74. C. plantaginea, Lam. Slender but erect, 1--2 high; leaves --1'broad, very firm, appearing after the flowers and persisting over winter, shorter than the culm; staminate spike purple and clavate, stalked; pistill 2024-4-23
192 94. C. Willdenvii, Schkuhr. Lower, stiffer, the leaves broader and pale; spike larger, the pistillate flowers 3--9, compact; perigynium bearing a prominent two-edged very rough beak; scales chaffy, nerved, as broad as and somewhat longer than the perigyni 2024-4-23
193 [=][=] _Plant strict but not stiff._ 113. C. cephaloidea, Dewey. Lax, very green, 2--3 high; leaves broad (2--3") and thin, shorter than the long culm; head rather loose, 'long or more, all but the very uppermost spikes clearly defined; perigyni 2024-4-23
194 Var. mirabilis, Tuckerm. Culm long and mostly weak, often 4 high, much longer than the loose leaves; spikes 4--8, larger, usually all contiguous or occasionally the lowest 1 or 2 separate, spreading, loosely flowered, tawny or frequently greenish; perigyn 2024-4-23
195 22. Milium. Awn none. Flower small, ovoid, without callus.[+][+] Fruiting glume thin and membranous; outer glume smaller or minute.23. Muhlenbergia. Flower mostly hairy at base, the glume mucronate or awned.24. Brachyelytrum. Rhachis produced into a brist 2024-4-23
196 [*][*][*] Glume 3-nerved, the nerves (at least the mid-nerve) excurrent; spikelets few, in the axils of floral leaves.54. Munroa. Low or prostrate much-branched annual.[*][*][*][*] Glume 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, obtuse or acute, awnless; rhachis and flower 2024-4-23
197 Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2--4 rows on one side of a flattened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed upon very short pedicels, plano-convex, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2), the terminal one flowering. Flower coriaceous, mos 2024-4-23
198 [=] _Spikelets 1--1" long._ 11. P. xanthoph?sum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the base (9--15' high); _sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute_ (4--6' long by ' wide), _not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping 2024-4-23
199 Spikelets moncious, in jointed unilateral spikes, staminate above and fertile below. Staminate spikelets in pairs, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow rhachis, both alike, 2-flowered, longer than the joints; glumes 4, coriaceous, the lower (out 2024-4-23
200 Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on the pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed; the flowering glume tipped with three awns; the palet much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa.--Culms branching; leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in s 2024-4-23