The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States novel. A total of 241 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edi
The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The gr
- 241 _Viscid._ Glutinous; sticky. _Whorl._ An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the stem. _Wing._ Any membranous or thin expansion bordering or surrounding an organ; the lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla. _Woolly._ Clothed with long and to
- 240 _Thyrse._ A contracted or ovate and usually compact panicle. _Thyrsoid._ Resembling a thyrse. _Tomentose._ Densely p.u.b.escent with matted wool. _Tooth._ Any small marginal lobe. _Torose._ Cylindrical with contractions at intervals. _Torulose._ Diminutiv
- 239 _Squamula._ A reduced scale, as the hypogynous scales in Gra.s.ses._Squarrose._ Having spreading and projecting processes, such as the tips of involucral scales._Squarrulose._ Diminutively squarrose._Stamen._ One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing organ
- 238 _Runcinate._ Sharply incised, with the segments directed backward._Runner._ A filiform or very slender stolon._Saccate._ Sac-shaped._Sagittate._ Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed downward._Salver-shaped_ (corolla). Having a slender tube
- 237 _Prostrate._ Lying flat upon the ground._Proterogynous._ Having the stigma ripe for the pollen before the maturity of the anthers of the same flower._Prothallus._ A cellular usually flat and thallus-like growth, resulting from the germination of a spore,
- 236 _Pedate._ Palmately divided or parted, with the lateral segments 2-cleft._Pedicel._ The support of a single flower._Pedicellate._ Borne on a pedicel._Peduncle._ A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cl.u.s.ter or a solitary flower._Pedunculate._ Bor
- 235 _Nerve._ A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib._Node._ The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves._Nodose._ Knotty or k.n.o.bby._Nucleus._ The germ-cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the seed; the kernel of a
- 234 _Laciniate._ Slashed; cut into narrow pointed lobes._Lamella._ A thin flat plate or laterally flattened ridge._Lanceolate._ Shaped like a lance-head, broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex._Lateral._ Belonging to or borne on the side._Lax._ Loos
- 233 _Herbaceous._ Having the characters of an herb; leaf-like in color and texture._Heterocarpous._ Producing more than one kind of fruit._Heterogamous._ Bearing two kinds of flowers._Hilum._ The scar or point of attachment of the seed._Hirsute._ p.u.b.escent
- 232 _Fistular._ Hollow and cylindrical._Flaccid._ Without rigidity, lax and weak._Fleshy._ Succulent; juicy; of the consistence of flesh._Flexuous._ Zigzag; bending alternately in opposite directions._Floccose._ Clothed with locks of soft hair or wool. _Folia
- 231 _Divaricate._ Widely divergent._Divergent._ Inclined away from each other._Divided._ Lobed to the base._Dorsal._ Upon or relating to the back or outer surface of an organ._Drupaceous._ Resembling or of the nature of a drupe. _Drupe._ A fleshy or pulpy fru
- 230 _Cotyledons._ The foliar portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of the embryo as found in the seed._Crateriform._ In the shape of a saucer or cup, hemispherical or more shallow._Creeping._ Running along or under the ground and rooting._Crenate._ Dent
- 229 _Chaff._ A small thin scale or bract, becoming dry and membranous._Chaffy._ Having or resembling chaff._Channelled._ Deeply grooved longitudinally, like a gutter._Chartaceous._ Having the texture of writing-paper._Chlorophyll._ The green grains within the
- 228 _Bifid._ Two-cleft._Bil.a.b.i.ate._ Two-lipped._Bilocellate._ Having two secondary cells._Bilocular._ Two-celled._Bis.e.xual._ Having both stamens and pistils. _Bladdery._ Thin and inflated._Blade._ The limb or expanded portion of a leaf, etc._Bract._ A m
- 227 _Amplexicaul._ Clasping the stem._Anastomosing._ Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network._Anatropous_ (ovule). Inverted and straight, with the micropyle next the hilum and the radicle consequently inferior._Androgynous_ (inflorescence). Composed o
- 226 occidentalis.Page 491.--Under Pinus add-- 10. P. pondersa, Dougl., var. scopulrum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often 3--5 together
- 225 5. R. arvensis, Aust. Thallus much divided, 3--9" broad, papillose-reticulate, dull green both sides, becoming fuscous above, the flat margins at length purple; divisions sulcate, dichotomous, the linear-elliptic or subspatulate lobes acutish and obsolet
- 224 Thallus large, forking, areolate, porose, with broad diffused midrib; gemmae in a cup-shaped receptacle. Dicious. Fertile receptacle peduncled from an apical sinus of the thallus, radiately lobed. Involucres alternate with the rays, membranous, lacerate,
- 223 3. M. hamata, Lindb. Like the last; thallus much elongated (4' long, 1--1" wide); hairs very long, divaricate and hooked-deflexed, the marginal in twos, rarely with discoid tips; midrib covered above and below with two rows of enlarged lax cells. (M. fu
- 222 26. NaRDIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 25) Stems laterally compressed, usually without runners. Leaves succubous, subconcave or flat, the apex rounded, rarely retuse or bidentate; underleaves none (in our species). Moncious or dicious. Involucral leaves 2--4 pairs,
- 221 22. HARPaNTHUS, Nees. (Pl. 23.) Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, ovate, emarginate; underleaves connate with the leaves, ovate or lanceolate, 1-toothed at base. Dicious. Fruit on short shoots from the axils of the underleaves, finally sublateral.Involucra
- 220 4. S. irrigua, Dumort. Creeping; leaves somewhat rigid, repand, deeply lobed; lobes rounded, submucronate, the lower appressed, the upper convex with incurved apex; perianth ovate, denticulate. (S. compacta, var. irrigua, _Aust._)--Wet places, N. J., Cats
- 219 Dicious. Fruit on a short branch from the axil of an underleaf.Involucral leaves much imbricate, concave, orbicular or ovate, incised at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled.Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Capsule oblong
- 218 Sullivantiae, _Aust._)--On trees in a cedar swamp, Urbana, Ohio (_Sullivant_). (Eu.) 2. JuBULA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.) Characters nearly as in Frullania. Leaves large and flat, an axillary one at the base of each branch without a lower lobe. Calyptra turnip-sh
- 217 24. Jungermannia. Involucral leaves few, mostly larger than the entire or bidentate stem-leaves. Medium-sized or large.[++][++] Underleaves 2--4-cleft, -parted, or -divided.17. Geocalyx. Involucre fleshy, saccate, pendent. Leaves bidentate; underleaves 2-
- 216 SALViNIA NaTANS, L., was said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small lakes in Western New York, and has more recently been said to occur in Missouri. It has oblong-oval floating leaves 4--6" long, closely pinnately-veined, which bear conce
- 215 9. L. complanatum, L. (GROUND-PINE.) Stems extensively creeping (often subterranean), the erect or _ascending branches several times forked above_; bushy _branchlets crowded, flattened_, fan-like and spreading, _all clothed with minute imbricated-appresse
- 214 long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of the frond.--Swamps and wet woods; common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.) [*][*] _Sterile fronds once pinnate; pinnae deeply pinnatifid; the lobes ent
- 213 -- 2. POLSTICHUM. _Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre; fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, etc.; pinnae or pinnules auricled at base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-
- 212 7. A. Bradleyi, D. C. Eaton. _Fronds oblong-lanceolate_, 4--7' long, besides the blackish and somewhat s.h.i.+ning stipe, membranaceous, pinnate; pinnae rather numerous, _the lower ones no larger than the middle ones_, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate
- 211 2. NOTHOLae'NA, R. Brown. CLOAK-FERN.Fruit-dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1--4-pinnate, the l
- 210 11. E. scirpodes, Michx. _Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform_ (3--6' high), _flexuous and curving, mostly 6-grooved_, with acute ridges; _sheaths 3-toothed_, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent; central air-cavity wanting.--Wooded hillside
- 209 [*][*] _Glumes and palet awnless and soft in texture; reed-like perennials_.5. E. mollis, Trin. Culm (3 high) velvety at top; spike thick, erect (8' long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5--8-flowered; the lanceolate pointed 5--7-nerved glumes (1�
- 208 long); spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7--12-flowered, densely silky all over; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower; flowering glume 7--9-nerved, much longer and larger than the palet.--Dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn.,
- 207 Spikelets 2--4-flowered, compressed, the rhachis pilose on one side, jointed, produced above the flowers into a hairy pedicel. Empty glumes thin-membranaceous, acute, carinate, mostly nearly equalling the remote flowers; flowering glume thin and membranac
- 206 60. UNOLA, L. SPIKE-GRa.s.s. (Pl. 11.) Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged; 3--6 of the lowest glumes empty, lanceolate, compressed-keeled; flowering glume coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly laterally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved
- 205 Flowers all perfect; flowering glume bifid, short-awned between the teeth. Otherwise as Phragmites. (The Latin name of the species.) A. DNAX, L. Very tall (10--18); spikelets 3--4-flowered.--Closely resembling Phragmites communis. Cultivated for ornament,
- 204 C. DaCTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3--5; flowering glume smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment.--Penn., and southward, where it is cultivated for pasturage. (Nat. from Eu.) 43. CTeNIUM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE-GRa.s.s. (Pl. 9.) Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows
- 203 8. C. Pickeringii, Gray. Culm 1--1 high; _leaves short; panicle pyramidal_, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (1--2" long); _hairs both of the flower and of the rudiment very short_ and scanty, one fourth or fifth the length
- 202 10. S. airodes, Torr. Culm tufted, often stout, erect, --3 high; leaves strongly revolute and attenuate, rather rigid; panicle open and diffuse, broadly pyramidal, glabrous; spikelets solitary on slender pedicels, 1" long; lower glumes unequal, rathe
- 201 3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2--3 high); _panicles_ lateral and terminal, often included at the base, _contracted, the branches densely spiked-cl.u.s.tered_, linear (green and purplish); lower _glumes awnless, sharp-pointed_, uneq
- 200 Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on the pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed; the flowering glume tipped with three awns; the palet much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa.--Culms branching; leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in s
- 199 Spikelets moncious, in jointed unilateral spikes, staminate above and fertile below. Staminate spikelets in pairs, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow rhachis, both alike, 2-flowered, longer than the joints; glumes 4, coriaceous, the lower (out
- 198 [=] _Spikelets 1--1" long._ 11. P. xanthoph?sum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the base (9--15' high); _sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute_ (4--6' long by ' wide), _not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping
- 197 Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2--4 rows on one side of a flattened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed upon very short pedicels, plano-convex, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2), the terminal one flowering. Flower coriaceous, mos
- 196 [*][*][*] Glume 3-nerved, the nerves (at least the mid-nerve) excurrent; spikelets few, in the axils of floral leaves.54. Munroa. Low or prostrate much-branched annual.[*][*][*][*] Glume 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, obtuse or acute, awnless; rhachis and flower
- 195 22. Milium. Awn none. Flower small, ovoid, without callus.[+][+] Fruiting glume thin and membranous; outer glume smaller or minute.23. Muhlenbergia. Flower mostly hairy at base, the glume mucronate or awned.24. Brachyelytrum. Rhachis produced into a brist
- 194 Var. mirabilis, Tuckerm. Culm long and mostly weak, often 4 high, much longer than the loose leaves; spikes 4--8, larger, usually all contiguous or occasionally the lowest 1 or 2 separate, spreading, loosely flowered, tawny or frequently greenish; perigyn
- 193 [=][=] _Plant strict but not stiff._ 113. C. cephaloidea, Dewey. Lax, very green, 2--3 high; leaves broad (2--3") and thin, shorter than the long culm; head rather loose, 'long or more, all but the very uppermost spikes clearly defined; perigyni
- 192 94. C. Willdenvii, Schkuhr. Lower, stiffer, the leaves broader and pale; spike larger, the pistillate flowers 3--9, compact; perigynium bearing a prominent two-edged very rough beak; scales chaffy, nerved, as broad as and somewhat longer than the perigyni
- 191 [++][++] _Sheaths usually purple._ 74. C. plantaginea, Lam. Slender but erect, 1--2 high; leaves --1'broad, very firm, appearing after the flowers and persisting over winter, shorter than the culm; staminate spike purple and clavate, stalked; pistill
- 190 [++][++] _Perigynium firm, prominently many-nerved._ 53. C. venusta, Dewey, var. mnor, Boeckl. Slender but strict, 1--2 high; leaves narrow and strict, about as long as the culm; spikes 1--2'long, scattered, the upper usually ascending, the terminal
- 189 [++] _Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate._ [=] _Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34._ 34. C. stricta, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2--4 high, generally in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp,
- 188 C. BULLaTA UTRICULaTA, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller and more spreading, less s.h.i.+ning; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, _Boott_.)--Providence, R. I. (_Olney_).15. C. retrorsa, Schwein. Stout, 2--3 high; culm obtusely angled and smooth
- 187 Perigynium hairy.-- Spikes very large, globose 6 Spikes very small, sessile or nearly so 81-83, 85-92 Spikes cylindrical, heavy 24-28 Perigynium granular-roughened 23 Perigynium smooth, Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene.-- Beakless 58, 59 Bea
- 186 [+] 2. _Ovales._ Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded; perigynium with a more or less thin or winged margin, which is mostly incurved at maturity, rendering the perigynium concave inside.--Sp. 125--132. [+] 3. _Cyperoideae._ Spikes green,
- 185 [+] 3. _Vesicariae._ Perigynium smooth and s.h.i.+ning, much inflated, at maturity straw-colored or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously short toothed (entire in n. 10), usually prominently few nerved, much shorter than in [+] 2; staminate spikes co
- 184 -- 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. _Spikelets terete or biconvex, few--many-flowered; style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate (not plumose)._ [*]
- 183 S. MUCRONaTUS, L. Resembling the last, 1--3 high; spikelets numerous in a dense cl.u.s.ter, oblong-ovate, 6--8" long or less; scales ovate, mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scarious; _style 3-cleft_; achene smaller, broadly obovate.--In a single loca
- 182 [+][+] _Bristles 2--4, shorter than the achene, slender and fragile, or none._ 14. E. tenuis, Schultes. _Culms almost capillary, erect_ from running rootstocks, _4-angular_ and flattish (1 high), the sides concave; _spikelet elliptical, acutish, 20--30-fl
- 181 [++][++] _Perennial, propagating by corm-like tubers from the base; spikelets narrow, ac.u.minate, often teretish; scales oblong-lanceolate; achene linear-oblong._ 18. C. strigsus, L. Culm mostly stout (1--3 high); most of the rays of the umbel elongated
- 180 [++][++] Flower with one or more inner scales.10. Fuirena. Scales of the spikelet awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.11. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the ax
- 179 Flowers very small, solitary, but often cl.u.s.tered with the branch-leaves in the axils; in summer. (?a???, _a water-nymph_.) 1. N. marna, L. _Stem rather stout and often armed with broad p.r.i.c.kles; leaves broadly linear_ (3--18" long), _coa.r.s.
- 178 9. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem often branching below; _floating leaves thinnish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical_, often acute, _long-petioled_, 17--23-nerved; _submersed leaves very long_ (3--12', by 2--12" wide), _lanceolate and lance-linear_, 7--
- 177 1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Scapes 1--3' high; shoots often creeping and proliferous; _leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute_ (--1' long, including the petiole); umbel single, 2--8-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit; flower 3" broad; _stamens
- 176 Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three together surrounded by a spathe; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a single diandrous flower.
- 175 Var. fluitans, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems and flat narrow leaves; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched; style stout with a short oval stigma; fruiting heads 4--6" broad; nutlets dark, as large as in the type. (
- 174 Var. robustus, Engelm. Stems stout, tall (2--4 high), bearing numerous 5--8-flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small (1--1{1/5}" long); ovoid capsule scarcely longer than the sepals.--Deep swamps, Ill. to Mo. and La.
- 173 1. JuNCUS, Tourn. RUSH. BOG-RUSH.Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentae not reaching the axis. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals.--Chiefly perennials, and in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branchin
- 172 [*] _Stamens unequal; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; the other longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping or floating plants._ 1. H. reniformis, Ruiz
- 171 28. NARTHeCIUM, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL.Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly; anthers linear, introrse. Capsule cylindrical-oblong, attenuate upward and bearing the slightly lobed sessile stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded.
- 170 [*] _Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous._ 1. L. Philadelphic.u.m, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. WOOD LILY.) Stem 2--3 high; _leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered_; flowers (2--4'long) 1--3, open-bell-shap
- 169 2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (GREAT S.) _Glabrous throughout_; stem stout and mostly tall (2--7 high), terete; _leaves ovate, partly clasping_ (3--8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved; _peduncles several-(2--8-) flowered_, join
- 168 [*] _Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell._ 1. A. tricocc.u.m, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4--12' high from cl.u.s.tered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves 5--9' long, 1--2&
- 167 19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves.Capsule acutely 3-winged.[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. Seeds angled, ob
- 166 Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the divisions nearly equal, narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded. Seeds flattened.--Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny teeth, cl.u.s.tered
- 165 1. RIS, Tourn. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.Perianth 6-cleft; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect.Stamens distinct; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-
- 164 -- 1. _The three sepals separate; stem leafy; flower solitary, drooping._ 1. C. arietnum, R. Br. (RAM'S-HEAD L.) Stem slender (6--10' high); upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (greenish-brow
- 163 -- 2. _Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cl.u.s.ter of fibres._ 3. P. divaricat
- 162 8. LiSTERA, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE.Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erec
- 161 10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column, saccate, without callosities.[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading;
- 160 _Aquatic herbs, with dicious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1--3-celled ovary._ Stamens 3--1
- 159 [*][*] _Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes._ 8. P. resinsa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves _in twos_ from long sheaths, elongated (_5--6' long_), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth _(about 2' long), their scales slightly th
- 158 ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLaCEae. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) _Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile moncious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-
- 157 [+][+] _Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated._ 12. S. candida, Willd. (SAGE W. h.o.a.rY W.) Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2--4' long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, _bene
- 156 Q. Ph.e.l.lOS RUBRA (?) or COCCINEA (?) (Q. heterophylla, _Michx._); Staten Island and N. J. to Del. and N. C. (BARTRAM'S OAK.) Q. Ph.e.l.lOS NIGRA (Q. Rudkini, _Britt._); N. J. (_Rudkin_).Q. ILICIFOLIA COCCINEA (?); Uxbridge, Ma.s.s. (_Robbins._) 7.
- 155 5 CARPNUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract; filaments very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with ha
- 154 Tribe I. BETULEae. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract.Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2--4, and calyx usually 2--4-parted.Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled
- 153 11. BHMeRIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.Flowers moncious or dicious, cl.u.s.tered; the sterile much as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2--4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down o
- 152 [*] _Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular, not ciliate; leaves very rough above._ 1. U. fulva, Michx. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion soft-downy with rusty hairs (large); leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate (4--8' long,
- 151 1. A. mercurialna, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1--2 high), sericeous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, p.u.b.escent with appressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid; raceme many-flowered, exceeding the leaves; ovary sericeous; cap
- 150 16. E. Darlingtnii, Gray. Tall _perennial_ (2--4 high); _leaves entire, minutely downy beneath_; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base; the floral oval, very obtuse; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base; umbel 5--8-rayed, then
- 149 [+] Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers moncious.2. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct.3. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.[+][+] Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.[a.] Flowers apetalous, in cymose
- 148 Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form; stigma capitate. Drupe oval (red
- 147 1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-p.u.b.escent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, more or less pointed (4--5' wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside.--Hillsides
- 146 P. ORIENTaLE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, _soft-hairy; leaves ovate_ or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; _sheaths_ ciliate or _often with an abrupt spreading border_; flowers large, bright rose-color, _in dense cylindrical nodd
- 145 Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spreading in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering (in fruit called _valves_) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like t
- 144 1. C. hyssopiflium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, scarious-margined; fruit wing-margined.--Sandy beaches along the Great Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward.-
- 143 8. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged.Leaves spinescent.1. CYCLOLMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the c
- 142 from Trop. Amer.) [*][*] _Flowers crowded in close and small axillary cl.u.s.ters; stems low, spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2._ 1. A. albus, L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green; _stems whitish, erect or ascending_, diff