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The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation
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The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation novel. A total of 323 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Const.i.tution of the United States ofAmerica: a.n.a.lysis and Interpretation.by Edw
The Const.i.tution of the United States ofAmerica: a.n.a.lysis and Interpretation.by Edward Corwin.PREFACE.By Honorable Alexander Wiley._Chairman, Senate Foreign Relations Committee_ To the Members and Committees of the Congress, the Const.i.tution is mor
- 101 A third limitation to the exercise of judicial review is the rule, partly inherent in the judicial process, but also partly a precautionary rule adopted by the Court in order to avoid clashes with the "political branches," is that the federal co
- 102 PRIZE CASES, FORFEITURES, ETC.From the earliest days of the Republic, the federal courts sitting in admiralty have been held to have exclusive jurisdiction of prize cases.[353] Also, in contrast to other phases of admiralty jurisdiction prize law as appli
- 103 CLa.s.sIFICATION OF SUITS AGAINST OFFICERS Suits against officers involving the doctrine of sovereign immunity have been cla.s.sified by Justice Frankfurter in a dissenting opinion into four general groups. First, there are those cases in which the plaint
- 104 For purposes of diversity jurisdiction State citizens.h.i.+p is determined by domicile or residence, for the determination of which various tests have been stated: removal to a State, acquiring real estate there, and paying taxes;[517] residence in a Stat
- 105 Although Congress can neither enlarge nor restrict the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, it may vest concurrent jurisdiction in the lower federal courts in cases over which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction.[586] Thus among the grounds
- 106 JURISDICTION OF THE _RES_ As applied by the Supreme Court in cases involving concurrent jurisdiction the principle of comity means that when the jurisdiction of a court and the right of a plaintiff to prosecute a suit therein have attached and when a cour
- 107 LEVYING WAR Early judicial interpretation of the meaning of treason in terms of levying war was conditioned by the partisan struggles of the early nineteenth century, in which were involved the treason trials of Aaron Burr and his a.s.sociates. In Ex part
- 108 227 (1937).[24] John Charles Fox, The King _v._ Almon, 24 Law Quarterly Review 184, 194-195 (1908).[25] John Charles Fox, The Summary Power to Punish Contempt, 25 Law Quarterly Review, 238, 252 (1909).[26] 1 Stat. 73, 83.[27] Act of March 2, 1831, 4 Stat.
- 109 [70] 56 Stat. 31 (1942), -- 204; 50 U.S.C.A. 924 (App.).[71] Freeman _v._ Howe, 24 How. 450 (1861); Gaines _v._ Fuentes, 92 U.S.10 (1876); Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908).[72] Langnes _v._ Green, 282 U.S. 531 (1931); Riehle _v._ Margolies, 270 U.S. 21
- 110 [119] Gordon _v._ United States, 117 U.S. 697 (1886); McElrath _v._ United States, 102 U.S. 426 (1880); Williams _v._ United States, 289 U.S. 553 (1933).[120] United States _v._ Coe, 155 U.S. 76 (1894).[121] Wallace _v._ Adams, 204 U.S. 415 (1907).[122] O
- 111 [167] Alabama Power Co. _v._ Ickes, 302 U.S. 464, 480-481 (1938).[168] 333 U.S. 203 (1948).[169] 342 U.S. 429 (1952). _See_ p. 763 (Amendment I).[170] 6 Wall. 50, 64 (1868). _See also_ State of Mississippi _v._ Johnson, 4 Wall. 475 (1867).[171] 6 Wall. at
- 112 [217] 143 U.S. 649, 670-672 (1892).[218] Coleman _v._ Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 450 (1939).[219] Ibid. 452-453.[220] 328 U.S. 549 (1946).[221] 287 U.S. 1 (1932). This case involved an unsuccessful attempt to enjoin an election of representatives in Congress i
- 113 [261] 2 Dall. 409 (1792).[262] 1 Stat. 243 (1792).[263] 3 Dall. 171 (1796).[264] 1 Cr. 137 (1803).[265] 1 Stat. 73, 81.[266] Cr. 137, 175-180.[267] Ibid. 180. The opinion in Marbury _v._ Madison is subject to two valid criticisms. In the first place the c
- 114 [302] 22 Stat. 162, -- 4 (1882).[303] 38 Stat. 803, -- 5 (1915).[304] 43 Stat. 936, 941 (1925); 28 U.S.C.A. -- 1349.[305] 3 Stat. 195, 198 (1815).[306] 4 Stat. 632, 633, -- 3 (1833).[307] 12 Stat. 755, 756, -- 5 (1863).[308] 28 U.S.C.A. -- 1442 (a) (1).[3
- 115 [351] L'Invincible, 1 Wheat. 238 (1816). _See also_ In re Fa.s.sett, 142 U.S. 479 (1892).[352] Sherlock _v._ Alling, 93 U.S. 99, 104 (1876). _See also_ Old Dominion S.S. Co. _v._ Gilmore (The "Hamilton"), 207 U.S. 398 (1907).[353] Jennings
- 116 [399] 317 U.S. 219, 259.[400] 21 Wall. 558 (1875).[401] Ibid. 572.[402] Ibid. 574-575.[403] The "Lottawanna," 21 Wall. 558, 577.[404] In re Garnett, 141 U.S. 1, 12 (1891).[405] Ibid. 14.[406] 244 U.S. 205, 215 (1917), citing Butler _v._ Boston &
- 117 [448] Rickert Rice Mills _v._ Fontenot, 297 U.S. 110 (1936); and Tennessee Electric Power Co. _v._ Tennessee Valley Authority, 306 U.S.118 (1939) which held that one threatened with direct and special injury by the act of an agent of the Government under
- 118 [495] 127 U.S. 265 (1888).[496] 2 Dall. 419, 431-432 (1793).[497] 127 U.S. 265, 289-300. This case also follows the general rule that a corporation chartered by the laws of a State, is a citizen of that State for purposes of federal jurisdiction.[498] 304
- 119 [543] 149 U.S. 308, 401-404 (1893).[544] 215 U.S. 349, 370 (1910).[545] 276 U.S. 518 (1928).[546] Ibid. 533. Justice Holmes was influenced in part by the article of Charles Warren, New Light On The History Of The Federal Judiciary Act of 1789, 37 Harv. L.
- 120 [591] 3 Dall. 321 (1796). Justice Wilson dissented from this holding and contended that the appellate jurisdiction, as being derived from the Const.i.tution, could be exercised without an act of Congress or until Congress made exceptions to it.[592] Durou
- 121 [639] Hayburn's Case, 2 Dall. 409 (1792).[640] United States _v._ Ferriera, 13 How. 40 (1852); Gordon _v._ United States, 117 U.S. 697 (1864); Muskrat _v._ United States, 219 U.S. 346 (1911).[641] In addition to the cases cited in note 3[Transcriber&
- 122 [683] 4 Stat. 634, -- 7 (1833).[684] 5 Stat. 539 (1942).[685] 14 Stat. 385 (1867).[686] Rev. Stat., -- 753; 28 U.S.C.A. -- 2242.[687] 100 U.S. 257 (1880).[688] In re Neagle, 135 U.S. 1 (1890).[689] In re Loney, 134 U.S. 372 (1890).[690] Boske _v._ Comingo
- 123 [729] United States _v._ Burr, 4 Cr. 470, Appx. (1807).[730] There have been a number of lower court cases in some of which convictions were obtained. As a result of the Whiskey Rebellion convictions of treason were obtained on the basis of the ruling tha
- 124 EFFECT TO BE GIVEN IN FORUM STATE The English courts and the different State courts in the United States, while recognizing "foreign judgments _in personam_" which were reducible to money terms as affording a basis for actions in debt, originally accord
- 125 Appearing to revive Williams II, and significant for the social consequences produced by the result decreed therein, is the recent case of Rice _v._ Rice.[69] To determine the widowhood status of the party litigants in relation to inheritance of property
- 126 the New York insurance commissioner, as a statutory liquidator of an insolvent auto mutual company organized in New York sued resident Georgia policyholders in a Georgia court to recover a.s.sessments alleged to be due by virtue of their members.h.i.+p in
- 127 A State may not, in the exercise of its taxing power, substantially discriminate between residents and nonresidents. A leading case is Ward _v._ Maryland,[182] in which the Court set aside a State law which imposed special taxes upon nonresidents for the
- 128 POWER OF CONGRESS OVER THE TERRITORIES In the territories, Congress has the entire dominion and sovereignty, national and local, and has full legislative power over all subjects upon which a State legislature might act.[270] It may legislate directly with
- 129 [35] Milliken _v._ Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940).[36] Adam _v._ Saenger, 303 U.S. 59, 62 (1938).[37] Hanc.o.c.k National Bank _v._ Farnum, 176 U.S. 640 (1900).[38] Stacy _v._ Thrasher, use of Sellers, 6 How. 44, 58 (1848).[39] Bigelow _v._ Old Dominion
- 130 [73] Griffin _v._ Griffin, 327 U.S. 220 (1946).[74] Ibid. 228. An alimony case of a quite extraordinary pattern was that of Sutton _v._ Leib. On account of the diverse citizens.h.i.+p of the parties, who had once been husband and wife, the case was brough
- 131 [119] Bradford Electric Co. _v._ Clapper, 286 U.S. 145, 158 (1932).[120] The Court had earlier remarked that "workmen's compensation legislation rests upon the idea of status, not upon that of implied contract." Cudahy Packing Co. _v._ Parramore, 263 U
- 132 [166] Ibid. 403. In Mullaney _v._ Anderson, 342 U.S. 415 (1952) an Alaska statute providing for the licensing of commercial fishermen in territorial waters and levying a license fee of $50.00 on nonresident and only $5.00 on resident fishermen was held vo
- 133 [215] United States _v._ Rauscher, 119 U.S. 407, 430 (1886).[216] Prigg _v._ Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 539, 612 (1842).[217] 1 Stat. 302 (1793).[218] Jones _v._ Van Zandt, 5 How. 215, 229 (1847); Ableman _v._ Booth, 21 How. 506 (1859).[219] Prigg _v._ Pennsyl
- 134 [263] United States _v._ McGowan, 302 U.S. 535 (1938).[264] United States _v._ San Francisco, 310 U.S. 16 (1940).[265] Van Brocklin _v._ Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151 (1886); _cf._ Wilson _v._ Cook, 327 U.S. 474 (1946).[266] Gibson _v._ Chouteau, 13 Wall 92, 99
- 135 Ratification Congress may, in proposing an amendment, set a reasonable time limit for its ratification. Two amendments proposed in 1789, one submitted in 1810 and one in 1861, were never ratified. In Dillon _v._ Gloss[12] the Court intimated that proposal
- 136 SUPREMACY CLAUSE VERSUS TENTH AMENDMENT The logic of the supremacy clause would seem to require that the powers of Congress be determined by the fair reading of the express and implied grants contained in the Const.i.tution itself, without reference to th
- 137 ROYALTIES; A JUDICIAL ANTICLIMAX In 1928 the Court went so far as to hold that a State could not tax as income royalties for the use of a patent issued by the United States.[97] This proposition was soon overruled in Fox Film Corp. _v._ Doyal,[98] where a
- 138 [27] Martin _v._ Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 335 (1816).[28] 93 U.S. 130 (1876).[29] Martin _v._ Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 335 (1816).[30] 93 U.S. 130, 137 (1876).[31] Mondou _v._ New York, N.H. & H.R. Co., 223 U.S. 1, 57 (1912).[32] 330 U.S. 38
- 139 [76] Baltimore s.h.i.+pbuilding & Dry Dock Co. _v._ Baltimore, 195 U.S. 375 (1904).[77] Northern P.R. Co. _v._ Myers, 172 U.S. 589 (1899); New Brunswick _v._ United States, 276 U.S. 547 (1928).[78] Irwin _v._ Wright, 258 U.S. 219 (1922).[79] United States
- 140 [125] Jane Perry Clark, The Rise of a New Federalism, 91 (Columbia University Press, 1938).[126] _See_ James Hart in 13 Virginia Law Review, 86-107 (1926) discussing President Coolidge's order of May 8, 1926, for Prohibition enforcement.[127] Clark, New
- 141 [4] McLaughlin, A Const.i.tutional History of the United States, 203 (1936).[5] Ames, The Proposed Amendments to the Const.i.tution, 19 (1896).[6] Annals of Congress, I, 424, 433.[7] Monongahela Navigation Co. _v._ United States, 148 U.S. 312, 324 (1893).
- 142 PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS The Society of Sisters, an Oregon corporation, was empowered by its charter to care for orphans and to establish and maintain schools and academies for the education of the youth. Systematic instruction and moral training according to th
- 143 In such cases, the evils feared by the legislature usually arise, not out of the substance of the communications, but from the manner in which they are made. Applying the test of clear and present danger in Thornhill _v._ Alabama[118] and Carlson v. Calif
- 144 Justice Frankfurter's lengthy concurring opinion premises "the right of a government to maintain its existence--self preservation." This, he says, is "the most pervasive aspect of sovereignty," citing The Federalist No. 41, and certain cases.[218] A
- 145 [9] Ibid.[10] Ibid.[11] Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Const.i.tution, -- 1879 (1833).[12] Ibid. -- 1874.[13] Principles of Const.i.tutional Law, 224-225, 3d ed. (1898).[14] Saul K. Padover, The Complete Jefferson, 518-519 (1943).[15] 98 U.S. 145 (1879
- 146 [58] Kunz _v._ New York, 340 U.S. 290 (1951).[59] Ibid. 314.[60] Niemotko _v._ Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 (1951).[61] Feiner _v._ New York, 340 U.S. 315 (1951).[62] _See_ p. 1285. [Transcriber's Note: There is no mention of the Feiner case on p. 1285.][63] A
- 147 [104] Ibid. 105.[105] Cantwell _v._ Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 308 (1940).[106] Stromberg _v._ California, 283 U.S. 359, 369 (1931).[107] Fox _v._ Was.h.i.+ngton, 236 U.S. 273, 277 (1915).[108] Gitlow _v._ New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925).[109] Terminiello _
- 148 [145] Ibid. 47.[146] 307 U.S. 496, 515, 516 (1939).[147] 334 U.S. 558 (1948).[148] Kovacs _v._ Cooper, 336 U.S. 77 (1949).[149] Public Utilities Commission _v._ Pollak, 343 U.S. 451 (1952). The decision overruled the United States Court of Appeals for the
- 149 [194] 221 U.S. 418 (1911).[195] Ibid. 430.[196] 314 U.S. 469 (1941).[197] Ibid: 477.[198] Ibid. 478.[199] United States _v._ C.I.O., 335 U.S. 106 (1948).[200] 106 U.S. 371 (1882).[201] 19 Stat. 143 -- 6 (1876).[202] 53 Stat. 1147 (1939).[203] United Publi
- 150 [240] 327 U.S. 146 (1946).[241] Ibid. 158. Justice Frankfurter, while concurring, apparently thought that the question of Congress's power in the premises was not involved. Ibid. 159-160. On this broader question, _see_ p. 269. (The Postal Clause).[242]
- 151 Notes [1] Miller, Samuel F., The Const.i.tution (1893), page 646.AMENDMENT 4 SEARCHES AND SEIZURES Page Coverage of the amendment 823 Necessity, sufficiency and effect of warrants 825 Records, reports and subpoenas 825 Search and seizure incidental to arr
- 152 [11] Stroud _v._ United States, 251 U.S. 15, 21 (1919).[12] Amos _v._ United States, 255 U.S. 313 (1921); Johnson _v._ United States, 333 U.S. 10 (1948).[13] Davis _v._ United States, 328 U.S. 582 (1946).[14] Olmstead _v._ United States, 277 U.S. 438 (192
- 153 [61] Carroll _v._ United States, 267 U.S. 132, 153-156 (1925). Husty _v._ United States, 282 U.S. 694 (1931); Brinegar _v._ United States, 338 U.S. 160 (1949).[62] Scher _v._ United States, 305 U.S. 251 (1938).[63] United States _v._ Di Re, 332 U.S. 581 (
- 154 Due Process of Law SOURCE AND EVOLUTION OF THE MEANING OF THE TERM The phrase "due process of law" comes from chapter 3 of 28 Edw. III (1355), which reads: "No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken,
- 155 The validation by statute of a prior mortgage of personal property invalid because improperly recorded, did not deny due process of law to a judgment creditor seeking to levy an attachment on the mortgaged property.[176] Nor was property taken without due
- 156 Where the Government erects dams and other obstructions across a river, causing an overflow of water which renders the property affected unfit for agricultural use and deprives it of all value, there is taking of property for which the Government is under
- 157 [37] Pinkerton _v._ United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946); United States _v._ Bayer, 331 U.S. 532 (1947).[38] Pinkerton _v._ United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946).[39] American Tobacco Co. _v._ United States, 328 U.S. 781 (1946).[40] 339 U.S. 485 (1950).[41] Co
- 158 [85] United States _v._ Ju Toy, 198 U.S. 253, 263 (1905); _cf._ Quon Quon Poy _v._ Johnson, 273 U.S. 352 (1927).[86] Wight _v._ Davidson, 181 U.S. 371, 384 (1901).[87] Lovato _v._ New Mexico, 242 U.S. 199, 201 (1916).[88] Public Utility Comrs. _v._ Ynchau
- 159 [132] 339 U.S. 703 (1950). Justices Black, Douglas and Burton dissented.[133] United States _v._ Ju Toy, 198 U.S. 253, 263 (1905). _See also_ Yamataya _v._ Fisher, 189 U.S. 86, 100 (1903). _Cf._ United States ex rel. Knauff _v._ Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537
- 160 [181] Capital Trust Co. _v._ Calhoun, 250 U.S. 208 (1919).[182] Frisbie _v._ United States, 157 U.S. 160 (1895); _see also_ Margolin _v._ United States, 269 U.S. 93 (1925); Hines _v._ Lowrey, 305 U.S. 85 (1938).[183] Wickard _v._ Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (19
- 161 [229] McCray _v._ United States, 195 U.S. 27, 61 (1904).[230] Treat _v._ White, 181 U.S. 264 (1901).[231] Flint _v._ Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911).[232] National Paper & Type Co. _v._ Bowers, 266 U.S. 373 (1924).[233] Billings _v._ United States, 2
- 162 [276] Hannibal Bridge Co. _v._ United States, 221 U.S. 194, 205 (1911).[277] Old Dominion Land Co. _v._ United States, 269 U.S. 55 (1925).[278] United States _v._ Sponenbarger, 308 U.S. 256 (1939).[279] 12 Wall. 457, 551 (1871).[280] 331 U.S. 745 (1947).[
- 163 [325] Henkels _v._ Sutherland, 271 U.S. 298 (1926). _See also_ Phelps _v._ United States, 274 U.S. 341 (1927).[326] Monongahela Nav. Co. _v._ United States, 148 U.S. 312, 327 (1893).[327] United States _v._ Jones, 109 U.S. 513, 519 (1883).[328] Bauman _v.
- 164 [1] Callan _v._ Wilson, 127 U.S. 540 (1888).[2] Reynolds _v._ United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879). _See also_ Lovato _v._ New Mexico, 242 U.S. 199 (1916).[3] Balzac _v._ Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 304-305 (1922).[4] Ra.s.smussen _v._ United States, 197 U.S.
- 165 [51] 325 U.S. 91, 94, 95.[52] Ibid. 101.[53] Ibid. 103.[54] Ibid. 113, 135.[55] Ibid. 154.[56] 341 U.S. 97 (1951).[57] _See also_ Koehler et al. _v._ United States, 342 U.S. 852 (1951).[58] United States _v._ Petrillo, 332 U.S. 1 (1947).[59] United States
- 166 TO WHAT COURTS AND CASES APPLICABLE Amendment VII governs only courts which sit under the authority of the United States,[10] including courts in the territories[11] and the District of Columbia.[12] It does not apply to a State court even when it is enfo
- 167 [13] Minneapolis & St. L.R. Co. _v._ Bombolis, 241 U.S. 211 (1916), which involved The Federal Employers Liability Act of 1908. The ruling is followed in four other cases in the same volume. _See_ ibid. 241, 261, 485 and 494.[14] s.h.i.+elds _v._ Thomas,
- 168 AMENDMENT 8 BAIL, FINES, AND OTHER PUNISHMENT FOR CRIME Page Excessive bail 903 Excessive fines 904 Cruel and unusual punishments 904 PUNISHMENT FOR CRIME Amendment 8 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
- 169 AMENDMENT 10 RESERVED STATE POWERS Page Scope and purpose 915 The taxing power 916 The commerce power 917 Police power 918 State activities and instrumentalities 919 RESERVED STATE POWERS Amendment 10 The powers not delegated to the United States by the C
- 170 [23] Ibid. 529.[24] Steward Machine Co. _v._ Davis, 301 U.S. 548 (1937); Helvering _v._ Davis, 301 U.S. 619 (1937).[25] National Labor Relations Board _v._ Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937).[26] 312 U.S. 100 (1941). _See also_ United States
- 171 Early Limitation on Injunction Proceedings In spite of a dictum by Justice Bradley in the McComb Case that the writs of mandamus and injunction are somewhat correlative to each other in suits against State officials for illegal actions,[28] injunctions ag
- 172 [30] Poindexter _v._ Greenhow, 114 U.S. 270 (1885); Allen _v._ Baltimore & O.R. Co., 114 U.S. 311 (1885); Pennoyer _v._ McConnaughy, 140 U.S. 1 (1891); In re Tyler, 149 U.S. 164 (1893). As stated by Justice Harlan in Fitts _v._ McGhee, 172 U.S. 516, 529-5
- 173 [7] Ibid. 232-233.AMENDMENT 13 SLAVERY AND INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE Page Origin and purpose of the amendment 949 Peonage 950 Discriminations and legal compulsions less than servitude 951 Enforcement 953 SLAVERY AND INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE Amendment 13 Section
- 174 [19] United States _v._ Petrillo, 332 U.S. 1, 12-13 (1947). Injunctions and "cease and desist" orders in labor disputes have also been repeatedly sustained against charges by labor that the prohibitions of this amendment had been violated. _See_ Auto Wo
- 175 (8) Law taxing in the hands of a resident citizen a debt owing from a resident of another State and secured by mortgage of land in the debtors' State.[42](9) Statutes regulating the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors.[43](10) Statute regulating
- 176 "Liberty" in General Definition.--"While * * * [the] Court has not attempted to define with exactness the liberty thus guaranteed, the term has received much consideration and some of the included things have been definitely stated. Without doubt, it d
- 177 In the course of time, however, a distinction emerged between ordinary factual determinations by State commissions and factual determinations which were found to be inseparable from the legal and const.i.tutional issue of confiscation. In two older cases
- 178 Trading Stamps.--A prohibitive license fee upon the use of trading stamps is not unconst.i.tutional.[314]Banking The Fourteenth Amendment does not deny to States the power to forbid a business simply because it was permitted at common law; and therefore,
- 179 According to settled principles, the police power of a State must be held to embrace the authority not only to enact directly quarantine[396]and health laws of every description but also to vest in munic.i.p.al subdivisions a capacity to safeguard by appr
- 180 Severance Taxes.--A State excise on the production of oil which extends to the royalty interest of the lessor in the oil produced under an oil lease as well as to the interest of the lessee engaged in the active work of production, the tax being apportion
- 181 Individual Incomes.--Consistently with due process of law, a State annually may tax the entire net income of resident individuals from whatever source received,[562] and that portion of a nonresident's net income derived from property owned, and from any
- 182 Just Compensation "When * * * [the] power [of eminent domain] is exercised it can only be done by giving the party whose property is taken or whose use and enjoyment of such property is interfered with, full and adequate compensation, not excessive or ex
- 183 Foreclosure of a mortgage made upon process duly issued but which the sheriff falsely returned as having been duly served, and of which the owner had no notice, does not deprive said owner of property without due process of law. A purchaser of the land at
- 184 The Right to Counsel Whatever previously may have been recognized as const.i.tuting the elements of procedural due process in criminal cases, it was not until 1932[816] that the Supreme Court acknowledged that the right "to have the a.s.sistance of couns
- 185 Conviction Based on Perjured Testimony When a conviction is obtained by the presentation of testimony known to the prosecuting authorities to have been perjured, the const.i.tutional requirement of due process is not satisfied. That requirement "cannot b
- 186 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS What Const.i.tutes State Action The inhibition against denial of equal protection of the laws has exclusive reference to State action. It means that no agency of the State, legislative, executive or judicial,[1005] no instrumentality
- 187 Labor Relations Objections to labor legislation on the ground that the limitation of particular regulations to specified industries was obnoxious to the equal protection clause, have been consistently overruled. Statutes limiting hours of labor for employ
- 188 Reduction of State's Representation "Questions relating to the apportionment of representatives among the several States are political in their nature and reside exclusively within the determination of Congress * * *" Consequently, a United States Dist
- 189 [26] 314 U.S. 160, 177-183 (1941).[27] Justices Douglas, Black, Murphy and Jackson.[28] 6 Wall. 35 (1868).[29] 279 U.S. 245, 251 (1929).[30] 296 U.S. 404.[31] _See_ Madden _v._ Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83, 93.[32] 296 U.S. 404, 444, 445-446.[33] 332 U.S. 633, 6
- 190 [74] 143 U.S. 517, 551.[75] _See_ Fletcher _v._ Peck, 6 Cr. 87, 128 (1810).[76] 94 U.S. 113, 123, 132 (1877).[77] Ibid. 132.[78] 123 U.S. 623 (1887).[79] Ibid. 662.--"We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public healt
- 191 [122] Hamilton _v._ University of California, 293 U.S. 245, 262 (1934)._See also_ p. 768.[123] 16 Wall. 36 (1873).[124] 165 U.S. 578, 589.--Herein liberty of contract was defined as follows: "The liberty mentioned in that [Fourteenth] Amendment means not
- 192 [166] Ibid. 94. Justice Frankfurter, concurring, declared that "the insistence by individuals on their private prejudices * * *, in relations like those now before us, ought not to have a higher const.i.tutional sanction than the determination of a State
- 193 [211] 253 U.S. 287, 293-294 (1920).[212] Ibid. 289. In injunctive proceedings, evidence is freshly introduced whereas in the cases received on appeal from State courts, the evidence is found within the record.[213] 231 U.S. 298 (1913).[214] 253 U.S. 287,
- 194 [243] Missouri P.R. Co. _v._ Kansas ex rel. Taylor, 216 U.S. 262 (1910); Chesapeake & O.R. Co. _v._ Public Service Commission, 242 U.S. 603 (1917); Ft. Smith Light & Traction Co. _v._ Bourland, 267 U.S. 330 (1925).[244] Chesapeake & O.R. Co. _v._ Public S
- 195 [289] Asbury Hospital _v._ Ca.s.s County, 326 U.S. 207 (1945).[290] Nebbia _v._ New York, 291 U.S. 502, 527-528 (1934).[291] Smiley _v._ Kansas, 196 U.S. 447 (1905). _See_ Waters-Pierce Oil Co. _v._ Texas, 212 U.S. 86 (1909); National Cotton Oil Co. _v._
- 196 [337] Northwestern Nat. L. Ins. Co. _v._ Riggs, 203 U.S. 243 (1906).[338] Whitfield ex rel. Hadley _v._ Aetna L. Ins. Co., 205 U.S. 489 (1907).[339] Polk _v._ Mutual Reserve Fund Life a.s.sociation, 207 U.S. 310 (1907).[340] Neblett _v._ Carpenter, 305 U.
- 197 [385] Welch _v._ Swasey, 214 U.S. 91 (1909).[386] Euclid _v._ Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926); Zahn _v._ Board of Public Works, 274 U.S. 325 (1927); Nectaw _v._ Cambridge, 277 U.S. 183 (1928); Cusack (Thomas) Co. _v._ Chicago, 242 U.S. 526 (1917);
- 198 [433] Demorest _v._ City Bank Co., 321 U.S. 36, 47-48 (1944).[434] Connecticut Ins. Co. _v._ Moore, 333 U.S. 541 (1948). Justice Jackson and Douglas dissented on the ground that New York is attempting to escheat unclaimed funds not located either actually
- 199 [483] Houck _v._ Little River Drainage Dist, 239 U.S. 254 (1915).[484] Road Improv. Dist. _v._ Missouri P.R. Co., 274 U.S. 188 (1927).[485] Kansas City Southern R. Co. _v._ Road Improv. Dist., 266 U.S. 379 (1924).[486] Louisville & N.R. Co. _v._ Barber As
- 200 [531] Ibid. 386.[532] 315 U.S. 657, 660, 661 (1942).[533] 4 Wheat. 316, 429 (1819).[534] 319 U.S. 94 (1943).[535] 306 U.S. 398 (1939).[536] Wheeling Steel Corp. _v._ Fox, 298 U.S. 193 (1936). _See also_ Memphis Gas Co. _v._ Beeler, 315 U.S. 649, 652 (1942