The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Nuttall Encyclopaedia novel. A total of 464 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Nuttall Encyclopaedia.by P. Austin Nuttall.PREFACE "The NUTTALL ENCYCLOPaeDIA&q
The Nuttall Encyclopaedia.by P. Austin Nuttall.PREFACE "The NUTTALL ENCYCLOPaeDIA" is the fruit of a project to provide, in a concise and condensed form, and at a cheap rate, an epitome of the kind of information given in the larger Encyclopaedi
- 364 from N. to S. and 800 m. from E. to W., two-thirds of it within the tropics, and occupying an area three times as large as that of France.Mountains stretch away N. parallel to the coast, and much of the centre is tableland; one-half of it is covered with
- 363 QUAIGH, a name formerly given to a wooden drinking-cup in Scotland.QUAIN, JONES, anatomist, born at Mallow, Ireland; was professor of Anatomy and Physiology in London University; was author of "Elements of Anatomy," of which the first edition was publis
- 362 PUY, LE (20), a picturesque town, 70 m. SW. of Lyons, a bishop's seat, with a 10th-century cathedral; is the centre of a great lace manufacture.PUY-DU-DoME (564), a department in Central France, in the upper valley of the Allier, on the slopes of the Auv
- 361 due SE. of Mexico, is the third city of the republic, and a beautiful town, with Doric cathedral, theological, medical, and other schools, a museum, and two libraries; cotton goods, iron, paper, and gla.s.s are manufactured; it is a commercial city, and c
- 360 PROSELYTES, converts from heathenism to Judaism, of which there were two cla.s.ses: Proselytes of the Temple, those who accepted the ceremonial law and were admitted into the inner court of The temple; and Proselytes of the Gate, who accepted only the mor
- 359 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (109), an island province of Canada, in the S.of Gulf of St. Lawrence, occupies a great bay formed by New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, and is somewhat larger than Northumberland.The coast-line is exceedingly broken, the su
- 358 PReCIEUSES RIDICULES, a play of Moliere's, published in 1653, directed against the affectations of certain literary coteries of the day.PREDESTINATION, the eternal decree which in particular foreordains certain of the human family to life everlasting and
- 357 POST RESTANTE, department of a post-office where letters lie till they are called for.POTEMKIN, Russian officer, born at Smolensk, of Polish descent; a handsome man with a powerful physique, who attracted the attention of Catharine II., became one of her
- 356 PORPHYRY, a Neo-Platonic philosopher of Alexandria, born at Tyre; resorted to Rome and became a disciple of PLOTINUS (q. v.), whose works he edited; he wrote a work against Christianity, known only from the replies (233-305).PORSENA, a king of Etruria, fa
- 355 POLYNESIA is the collective name of all the islands of the Pacific of coral or volcanic origin. These South Sea islands are scattered, isolated, or more usually in groups over a stretch of ocean 7000 m. from N. to S. and 6000 from E. to W.; with the excep
- 354 POET'S CORNER, a corner in the SW. transept of Westminster Abbey, so called as containing the tombs of Chaucer, Spenser, and other eminent English poets.POGGENDORF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, a German physicist and chemist, born at Hamburg; professor of Physics a
- 353 PLENIST, name given to one who holds the doctrine that all s.p.a.ce is filled with matter.PLESIOSAURUS, an extinct marine animal with a small head and a long neck.PLEURA, the serous membrane that lines the interior of the thorax and invests the lungs.PLEU
- 352 PITT, WILLIAM, English statesman, second son of Lord Chatham, born near Bromley, Kent, grew up a delicate child in a highly-charged political atmosphere, and studied with such diligence under the direction of his father and a tutor that he entered Cambrid
- 351 was imprisoned.PINKERTON, JOHN, a Scottish antiquary and historian, born in Edinburgh; was an original in his way, went to London, attracted the notice of Horace Walpole and Gibbon; died in Paris, poor and neglected (1758-1826).PINKIE, a Scottish battlefi
- 350 PICTS, a race of people now believed to be of Celtic origin, that from 296 to 844 inhabited the NE. of Caledonia from the Forth to the Pentland Firth, and were divided into northern and southern by the Grampians, while the W. of the country, or Argyll, wa
- 349 PHLOGISTON, a name given by the old chemists to an imaginary principle of fire, latent in bodies, and which escaped during combustion.PHOCAS, a common soldier who raised himself by the aid of a faction to the throne of the East, and for twenty years defie
- 348 Pope; kept him at Avignon, and so commenced the seventy years'"captivity"; he forced Clement to decree the suppression of the Templars, and became his willing instrument in executing the decree; he died at Fontainebleau, having proved himself an avaric
- 347 PEUTINGER, CONRAD, an Augsburg antiquary, left at his death a 13th-century copy of a 3rd-century map of the Roman military roads, now in the Imperial Library at Vienna, known as the "Tabula Peutingeriana"(1465-1547).PFaFERS, hot springs near a village o
- 346 PETER, THE APOSTLE, originally called Simon, was a fisherman on the Sea of Galilee; one of the first called by Christ to become a disciple; the first to recognise, as the foundation-stone of the Church, the divinity in the humanity of His Master, and the
- 345 PERSECUTIONS OF THE CHURCH, by which are meant those at the hands of Imperial Rome, are usually reckoned 10 in number, viz., those under Nero in 64, Domitian 95, Trajan 107, Hadrian 125, Marcus Aurelius 165, Severus 202, Maximinus 235, Decius 249, Valeria
- 344 PEPSIN, an essential const.i.tuent of the gastric juice extracted from the stomach of the calf, sheep, and pig, and used in medicine to supply any defect of it in the stomach of a patient.PEPYS, SAMUEL, author of a famous Diary, a scholarly man and respec
- 343 PENDA, a Mercian king of the 7th century, who headed a reactionary movement of heathenism against the domination of Christianity in England, and for a time seemed to carry all before him, but Christianity, under the preaching of the monks, had gained too
- 342 PEELE, GEORGE, dramatist, of the Elizabethan period, born in London; author of "Arraignment of Paris" and "David and Bathsabe," full of pa.s.sages of poetic beauty; has been charged with having led the life of a debauchee and to have died of a disease
- 341 PAUL, the name of five popes: PAUL I., Pope from 757 to 797; PAUL II., pope from 1464 to 1471; PAUL III., Pope from 1534 to 1549, was zealous against the Protestant cause, excommunicated Henry VIII. in 1536, sanctioned the Jesuit order in 1540, convened a
- 340 PASTEUR, LOUIS, an eminent French chemist, born at Dole, in dep. of Jura, celebrated for his studies and discoveries in fermentation, and also for his researches in hydrophobia and his suggestion of inoculation as a cure; the Pasteur Inst.i.tute in Paris
- 339 PARNELL, THOMAS, English minor poet of the Queen Anne period, born in Dublin, of a Ches.h.i.+re family; studied at Trinity College, took orders, and became archdeacon of Clogher; is best known as the author of "The Hermit," though his odes "The Night-P
- 338 PARAGUAY RIVER, a South American river 1800 m. long, the chief tributary of the Parana, rises in some lakes near Matto Grosso, Brazil, and flows southward through marshy country till it forms the boundary between Brazil and Bolivia, then traversing Paragu
- 337 PANDULF, CARDINAL, was the Pope's legate to King John of England, and to whom, on his submission, John paid homage at Dover; _d_. 1226.PANGE LINGUA, a hymn in the Roman Breviary, service of Corpus Christi, part of which is incorporated in every Eucharist
- 336 PALLADIUS, ST., is called the "chief apostle of the Scottish nation," but his connection with Scotland during his lifetime is doubtful; he was sent to Ireland by Pope Celestine in A.D. 430, whence, after his death, his remains were brought by St. Ternan
- 335 PALACKY, FRANCIS, distinguished Bohemian historian and politician, born in Moravia, author of a "History of Bohemia," in 5 vols., his chief work and a notable (1798-1876).PALADIN, the name given to the peers of Charlemagne, such as Roland, and also to k
- 334 OXENSTIERN, AXEL, COUNT, Swedish statesman, favourite minister of Gustavus Adolphus; supported him through the Thirty Years' War, though he disapproved of his engaging in it, and managed the affairs of the State with great ability after his death (1583-1
- 333 OTAGO (153), the southernmost province in the South Island, New Zealand, somewhat less in size than Scotland, is mountainous and inaccessible in the W., but in the E. consists of good arable plains, where British crops and fruits grow well; the climate is
- 332 (1371-1407); the third with JEAN BAPTISTE GASCON, brother of Louis XIII., who took part in the plots against Richelieu, and was appointed lieutenant-general on the death of his brother (1608-1660); the fourth with PHILIPPE I., brother of Louis XIV. (1640-
- 331 OPTIMISM, the doctrine or belief that in the system of things all that happens, the undesirable no less than the desirable, is for the best.OPUS OPERATUM (i. e. the work wrought), a Latin phrase used to denote the spiritual effect in the performance of a
- 330 OMAGH (4), on the Strule, 34 m. S. of Londonderry; is the county town of Tyrone; though a very ancient town it has been rebuilt since 1743, when it was destroyed by fire; it is the head-quarters of the NW.military district.OMAHA (102), chief city of Nebra
- 329 Ok.u.mA, COUNT, a j.a.panese, rose into office from the part he took in the j.a.panese Revolution of 1868, held in succession but resigned the offices of Minister of Finance and of Foreign Affairs, organised the Progressive Party in 1881, and entered offi
- 328 ODO, bishop of Bayeux, brother of William the Conqueror, fought by his side at Hastings; after blessing the troops, was made Earl of Kent, and appointed governor of kingdom during William's absence in Normandy; had great influence in State affairs all al
- 327 OBEID (35), in the Eastern Soudan, 220 m. SW. of Khartoum, is the capital of Kordofan; was the scene in November 1883 of the annihilation by the forces of the Mahdi, after three days' fighting, of an Egyptian army under Hicks Pasha and other English offi
- 326 NOVEMBER, the eleventh month of the year, so called by the Romans, in whose calendar it was the ninth.NOVGOROD (21), a noted Russian city, and capital of a government of the same name, is situated on the Volkhof, 110 m. SE. of St. Petersburg; is divided i
- 325 NORTH CAROLINA. See CAROLINA, NORTH.NORTH SEA or GERMAN OCEAN, between the E. coast of Britain and the Continent, spreads out into the Arctic Ocean, is shallow, is crossed by many sandbanks, and is subject to frequent violent storms; the Dogger Bank, betw
- 324 NITROGEN, a gaseous element which const.i.tutes one-fourth in volume of the atmosphere, is the basis of nitric acid, and is an essential const.i.tuent of proteids, alkaloids, and alb.u.minoids.NITZSCH, KARL LUDWIG, German theologian, born at Borna; became
- 323 NICARAGUA (313, mostly mulattoes and negroes), the largest and richest of five republics occupying Central America, stretches across the isthmus from the Pacific to the Caribbean Sea, between Honduras (N.) and Costa Rica (S.); the Cordilleras traverse the
- 322 of New Caledonia; is nominally a possession of Britain, and inhabited by cannibals of the Melanesian race. Missionary enterprise has had some effect in the southern islands; Espiritu Santo (70 m. by 40) is the largest.NEW HOLLAND. See AUSTRALIA.NEW JERSEY
- 321 NEPTUNE, the remotest planet of the solar system at present known; it is twice as far distant from the sun as URa.n.u.s (q. v.) is, deemed before its discovery the remotest; its diameter is four times greater than that of the earth, and it takes 60,126 da
- 320 NAZARITES, among the Jews people consecrated by a vow to some special religious service, generally for a definite period, but sometimes for life; during its continuance they were bound to abstain not merely from strong drink, but from all fruit of the vin
- 319 NAPOLEON, VICTOR, son of Prince Napoleon; claimed to be head of the house of Bonaparte in 1891, though his younger brother, Prince Louis, a colonel in the Russian Imperial Guard, is preferred to him by many Bonapartists; _b_. 1862.NAPOLEON D'OR, a French
- 318 NACHTIGAL, GUSTAV, German traveller and explorer; visited (1869-1874), the first European to do so, at the instance of Prussia, by way of Tripoli, the heart of Africa, and returned by way of Cairo, and wrote an account of his journey, "Sahara and Sudan"
- 317 MuNICH (351), capital of Bavaria, on the Isar, 440 m. by rail SW. of Berlin; is a city of magnificent buildings and rare art treasures; palaces, public buildings, cathedral, churches, &c., are all on an elaborate scale, and adorned with works of art; ther
- 316 MOSCHUS, a Greek pastoral poet, author of lyrics which have been translated by Andrew Lang; lived 150 B.C.MOSCOW (799), on the Moskwa River, in the centre of European Russia, 370 m. SE. of St. Petersburg; was before 1713 the capital, and is still a great
- 315 MOORE, SIR JOHN, general, eldest son of above, born at Glasgow; served in Corsica, the West Indies, Ireland, Holland, Egypt, Sicily, and Sweden; his famous and last expedition was to Spain in 1808, when with 10,000 men he was sent to co-operate in expelli
- 314 MONTE CARLO (4), a great gambling centre in Monaco, 1 m. NE. of the capital; visited by 400,000 persons annually. The Casino is held by a company, and stands on ground leased from the prince.MONTEFIORE, SIR MOSES, a philanthropic Jewish banker, born in Le
- 313 MONCREIFF, SIR HENRY WELLWOOD, Scottish clergyman, born at Blackford; from 1775 to 1827 minister of St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh, and leader of the evangelical party of the Scottish Church.MONCREIFF, JAMES W., LORD, second son of preceding, eminent Scottish
- 312 MODRED, SIR, a treacherous knight, the rebellious nephew of King Arthur, whose wife he seduced; was slain in battle, and buried in Avalon.MOFFAT, ROBERT, African missionary, born at Ormiston, Haddingtons.h.i.+re; the scene of his nearly lifelong labours w
- 311 MINSTRELS, a body of men who during the Middle Ages wandered from place to place, especially from court to court, singing their own compositions to the harp for accompaniment.MINTO, EARL OF, Governor-General of India; was bred to the bar, served in Parlia
- 310 MILETUS, the foremost Ionian city of ancient Asia Minor, at the mouth of the Maeander, was the mother of many colonies, and the port from which vessels traded to all the Mediterranean countries and to the Atlantic; its carpets and cloth were far-famed; it
- 309 MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI, painter, sculptor, architect, and poet, born at Caprese, in Tuscany, one of the greatest artists that ever lived; studied art as apprentice for three years under Domenico Ghirlandajo, and at seventeen his talents attracted the n
- 308 MESMER, FRIEDRICH ANTON, a German physician, born near Constance; bred for the Church, but took to medicine; was the founder of animal magnetism, called mesmerism after him, his experiments in connection with which created a great sensation, particularly
- 307 MENSCHIKOFF, ALEXANDER DANILOVITCH, Russian soldier and statesman, born in humble life at Moscow; became servant to Lefort, on whose death he succeeded him as favourite of Peter the Great, whom he accompanied to Holland and England; in the Swedish War (17
- 306 MEISTER, WILHELM, a great work of Goethe's, fraught with world-wisdom, the hero of which of the name represents a man who is led, in these very days, by a higher hand than he is aware of to his appointed destiny.MEISTERSaNGERS or SINGERS, a guild founded
- 305 MAZEPPA, IVAN, hetman of the Cossacks, born in Podolia; became page to John Casimir, king of Poland; was taken by a Polish n.o.bleman, who surprised him with his wife, and tied by him to the back of a wild horse, which galloped off with him to the Ukraine
- 304 MAUNDAY-THURSDAY, the Thursday before Good Friday, on which day it was customary for high people to wash the feet of a number of poor people, and on which Royal alms are bestowed by the Royal Almoner to the poor.MAUPa.s.sANT, GUY DE, a clever French roman
- 303 Ma.s.sACHUSETTS (2,239), a New England State of the American Union, lies on the Atlantic seaboard between New Hamps.h.i.+re and Vermont on the N.and Rhode Island and Connecticut on the S., with New York on its western border; has a long irregular coast-li
- 302 MARTHA, ST., the sister of Mary and Lazarus, the patron saint of good housewives, is represented, in homely costume, with a bunch of keys at her girdle, and a pot in her hand. Festival, July 20.MARTIAL, a Latin poet, born at Bilbilis, in Spain; went to Ro
- 301 MARK ANTONY. See ANTONIUS, MARCUS.MARK TWAIN. See CLEMENS.MARKHAM, CLEMENTS ROBERT, traveller and author, born near York, son of a clergyman; served in the navy from 1844 to 1851, taking part in the Franklin search expedition; 1852-1854 he spent exploring
- 300 MARCH, the third month of our year; was before 1752 reckoned first month as in the Roman calendar, the legal year beginning on the 25th; it is proverbially dusty and stormy, and is the season of the spring equinox; it was dedicated to the Roman G.o.d Mars
- 299 MANN, HORACE, American educationist, born in Ma.s.sachusetts; was devoted to the cause of education as well as that of anti-slavery (1790-1859).MANNA, the food with which the Israelites were miraculously fed in the wilderness, a term which means "What is
- 298 MAMMON, the Syrian G.o.d of riches, which has given name to the modern pa.s.sion for material wealth, specially conceived of as an abnegation of Christianity, the profession of which is in flat antagonism to it.MAMMOTH, an extinct species of elephant of e
- 297 MALAGROWTHER, an old courtier in the "Fortunes of Nigel" soured by misfortune, and who would have every one be as discontented as himself.MALAISE, an uneasy feeling which often precedes a serious attack of some disease.MALAPROP, MRS., a character in She
- 296 MAHMUD II., Sultan of Turkey; crushed a rebellion on his accession by putting his brother to death, on whose behalf the janissaries had risen, as they afterwards did to their annihilation at his hands by wholesale ma.s.sacre; by the victory of Navarino in
- 295 MAESTRICHT (33), capital of Dutch Limburg, on the Maes, 57 m. E. of Brussels; has manufactures of gla.s.s, earthenware, and carpets; near it are the vast subterranean quarries of the Pietersberg, opened by the Romans.MAETERLINCK, MAURICE, Belgian dramatis
- 294 MACKENZIE, HENRY, novelist, born in Edinburgh; bred to law; author of "The Man of Feeling," "The Man of the World," and "Julia de Roubigne,"written in a sentimental style; held the office of Controller of Taxes in Scotland by favour of Pitt (1745-18
- 293 MACARIUS, ST., a hermit of the Thebad, where he spent 60 years of a life of solitude and austerity (300-390). Festival, January 13.MACARONI, a fine wheaten paste made into long thin tubes, and manufactured in Italy and the S. of France.MACa.s.sAR, souther
- 292 LUX, the name given to the unit of the intensity of electric light.LUX, ADAM, a young Parisian; smitten with love for Charlotte Corday, proposed a statue to her with the inscription "Greater than Brutus,"which brought him to the guillotine.LUXEMBURG (21
- 291 LUCKNOW (273), fourth city in India, cap. of the prov. of Oudh, on the Gumti, a tributary of the Ganges, 200 m. NW. of Benares; is a centre of Indian culture and Mohammedan theology, an industrial and commercial city. It has many magnificent buildings, Ca
- 290 7d. to 18s. 9d., and ceased to be issued in 1795.LOUISIANA (1,119), an American State on the Gulf of Mexico, between the Mississippi and Sabine Rivers, with Arkansas on the N. and traversed diagonally by the Red River, is half upland and half alluvial; mu
- 289 "The Golden Legend," "Hiawatha," and "Miles Standish" (1807-1882).LONGINUS, DIONYSIUS Ca.s.sIUS, a learned Greek philosopher, rhetorician, and critic, and eminent in all three departments, being in philosophy a Platonist of pure blood; his fame as a
- 288 LOCKHART, JOHN GIBSON, man of letters, born in Cambusnethan; bred for the Scottish bar and practised at it; contributed to _Blackwood_, wrote in collaboration with John Wilson "Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk"; married Sophia Scott, Sir Walter's daugh
- 287 LITANY, a form of supplication in connection with some impending calamity in which the prayer of the priest or officiating clergyman is responded to by the congregation.LITERATURE, defined by Carlyle "as an 'apocalypse of nature,' a revealing of the '
- 286 LIMERICK (159), Irish county on the S. of the Shannon estuary, between Tipperary and Kerry, watered by the Mulcai, Maigue, and Deel; hilly in the S., is mostly fertile, and under corn and green crops; cattle are reared and dairy products exported; some wo
- 285 LIBERIA (1,500), a negro republic on the Grain Coast of Africa, founded in 1822 by American philanthropists as a settlement for freedmen, with a const.i.tution after the model of the United States.LIBERTY, FRATERNITY, AND EQUALITY, the trinity of modern d
- 284 LETTERS PATENT, a doc.u.ment under seal of the government granting some special privilege to a person.LETTRES DE CACHET (i. e. sealed letters), warrants of imprisonment, issued prior to the Revolution, sealed with the private seal of the king, in contradi
- 283 LEO, the name of six emperors of the East, of which the chief was Leo III., surnamed the Isaurian, born in Isauria; raised to the imperial throne by the army, defeated by sea and land the Saracens who threatened Constantinople; ruled peacefully for nine y
- 282 LEGION OF HONOUR, an order of merit inst.i.tuted on republican principles on May 10, 1802, by Bonaparte when First Consul in recompense of civil and military services to the country; it originally consisted of four cla.s.ses, but now comprehends five: gra
- 281 LEANDER. See HERO.LEANING TOWER, specially a campanile of white marble at Pisa, in Italy, 178 ft. in height, and which leans 14 ft. off the perpendicular.LEAR, a legendary British king, the hero of one of Shakespeare's tragedies, the victim of the unnatu
- 280 LATIN UNION, a convention in 1865, between France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and Greece, to establish an international monetary standard.LAt.i.tUDINARIANS, the name given to a body of theologians belonging to the Church of England who, at the end of th
- 279 LAPITHae, a race inhabiting the mountains of Thessaly; subject to Perithous, who, on the occasion of his marriage with Hippodamia, invited his kinsfolk the Centaurs to the feast, but these, under intoxication from the wine, attempting to carry off the bri
- 278 LANDES, sandy plains along the French coast between the Garonne and the Pyrenees, covered with heath and broom.LANDGRABBER, name given in Ireland to one in the possession or occupancy of land from which another has been evicted.LANDGRAVE, t.i.tle given to
- 277 LAKE DISTRICT, a district in c.u.mberland and Westmorland, 20 m. long by 25 m. broad, abounding in lakes, environed with scenery of rare beauty, and much frequented by tourists.LAKE DWELLINGS, primitive settlements, the remains of which have been found in
- 276 LACePeDE, COMTE DE, French naturalist, born at Agen; was entrusted by Buffon to complete his Natural History on his death; wrote on his own account also the natural histories of reptiles, of fishes, and of man (1756-1825).LACHAISE, FRANcOIS DE, a French J
- 275 KRuDENER, MADAME DE, novelist, born at Riga; auth.o.r.ess of an autobiographical novel ent.i.tled "Valerie"; lived partly at St. Petersburg and partly at Paris; was a mystic religious enthusiast and political prophetess (1764-1824).KRuGER, S. J. PAUL, P
- 274 KNOWLES, SHERIDAN, dramatist, born at Cork; was connected with the stage first as actor and then as an author of plays, which include "Virginius," "The Hunchback," and "The Wife"; latterly he gave up the stage, and took to preaching in connection wi
- 273 KIRBY, WILLIAM, entomologist, born in Suffolk; distinguished as the author of "Monographia Apium Angliae," and "Introduction to Entomology"; was rector of Barham, Suffolk, for 68 years (1759-1850).KIRGHIZ, a nomadic Turkish people occupying the Kirghi
- 272 KILMAINHAM (5), a suburb of Dublin, with a royal hospital for disabled soldiers and a jail; the treaty of Kilmainham was an agreement said to have been made in 1882 between Gladstone and Parnell, who was then confined in Kilmainham jail, affecting Irish g
- 271 KEY WEST (10), a seaport, health resort, and naval station on a coral island 60 m. SW. of Caple Sable, Florida; it has a good harbour and strong fort; was the basis of operations in the Spanish-American War, 1898; exports salt, turtles, and fruit, and man
- 270 KEMP, GEORGE MEIKLE, architect, born in Moorfoot, Peebless.h.i.+re; bred a millwright, became a draughtsman, studied Gothic architecture, and designed the Scott Monument in Edinburgh; was drowned one evening in the Union Ca.n.a.l before the work was finis
- 269 KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM, historian of English India, an officer in the Bengal Artillery, retired in 1841; in 1856 entered the East India Company's service in England, and was subsequently a secretary in the Government India Office; he wrote "History of t
- 268 was published in 1781, and it was followed by the "Kritic of Practical Reason" in 1788, and the "Kritic of Judgment" in 1790; his works inaugurate a new era in philosophic speculation, and by the adoption of a critical method dealt a death-blow to spe
- 267 KAFFIRS, including Kaffirs proper and Zulus, a division of the Bantu negroes, found all over S. Africa, are a pastoral and latterly agricultural people of fine physique, naturally hospitable, honest, and truthful, but now much contaminated by the white ma
- 266 JUMPERS, name of a certain religious sect in America, from the dancing a.s.sociated with its services.JUNE, the sixth month of the year, so named from the Roman _gens_ or clan Junius, or perhaps from Juno.JUNG STILLING, a German mystic, born in Na.s.sau;
- 265 JOUBERT, BARTHeLEMI, French general; distinguished himself in the Rhine and Italian campaigns, and fell mortally wounded at the battle of Novi; one of the most promising generals France ever had (1769-1799).JOUBERT, JOSEPH, author of "Pensees," born in